Risk reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infection and reinfection conferred by humoral antibody levels among essential workers during Omicron predominance

The extent to which semi-quantitative antibody levels confer protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in populations with heterogenous immune histories is unclear. Two nested case-control studies were designed within the multisite HEROES/RECOVER prospective cohort of frontline workers to study the relationship between antibody levels and protection against first-time post-vaccination infection and reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 from December 2021 to January 2023. All participants submitted weekly nasal swabs for rRT-PCR testing and blood samples quarterly and following infection or vaccination. Cases of first-time post-vaccination infection following a third dose of monovalent (origin strain WA-1) mRNA vaccine (n = 613) and reinfection (n = 350) were 1:1 matched to controls based on timing of blood draw and other potential confounders. Conditional logistic regression models were fit to estimate infection risk reductions associated with 3-fold increases in end titers for receptor binding domain (RBD). In first-time post-vaccination and reinfection study samples, most were female (67%, 57%), non-Hispanic (82%, 68%), and without chronic conditions (65%, 65%). The odds of first-time post-vaccination infection were reduced by 21% (aOR = 0.79, 95% CI = [0.66-0.96]) for each 3-fold increase in RBD end titers. The odds of reinfection associated with a 3-fold increase in RBD end titers were reduced by 23% (aOR = 0.77, 95% CI = [0.65-0.92] for unvaccinated individuals and 58% (aOR = 0.42, 95% CI = [0.22-0.84]) for individuals with three mRNA vaccine doses following their first infection. Frontline workers with higher antibody levels following a third dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine were at reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 during Omicron predominance. Among those with previous infections, the point estimates of risk reduction associated with antibody levels was greater for those with three vaccine doses compared to those who were unvaccinated.

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Journal
PLoS ONE
Published
2024-12-31
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306953
Primary Topic
SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Type
article
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0.00

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article

Risk reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infection and reinfection conferred by humoral antibody levels among essential workers during Omicron predominance

Spencer Rose, Harmony L. Tyner, Lauren E.W. Olsho, Allison L. Naleway et al.
PLoS ONE
SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
article

Risk reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infection and reinfection conferred by humoral antibody levels among essential workers during Omicron predominance

Spencer Rose, Harmony L. Tyner, Lauren E.W. Olsho, Allison L. Naleway, Cynthia Porter, Lisa Gwynn, Young M. Yoo, Natasha Schaefer Solle, Amadea Britton, Ryan Sprissler, Kayan Dunnigan, Shawn C. Beitel, Sammantha Fuller, Alberto J. Caban‐Martinez, Pearl Q. Zheng, James K. Romine, James Hollister, Gabriella Newes‐Adeyi, Sarang K. Yoon, Kurt T. Hegmann, Jefferey L. Burgess, Ashley Fowlkes, Lauren Grant, Manjusha Gaglani, Jennifer L. Uhrlaub, Karen Lutrick, Katherine Ellingson, Andrew L. Philips
article en

Abstract

The extent to which semi-quantitative antibody levels confer protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in populations with heterogenous immune histories is unclear. Two nested case-control studies were designed within the multisite HEROES/RECOVER prospective cohort of frontline workers to study the relationship between antibody levels and protection against first-time post-vaccination infection and reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 from December 2021 to January 2023. All participants submitted weekly nasal swabs for rRT-PCR testing and blood samples quarterly and following infection or vaccination. Cases of first-time post-vaccination infection following a third dose of monovalent (origin strain WA-1) mRNA vaccine (n = 613) and reinfection (n = 350) were 1:1 matched to controls based on timing of blood draw and other potential confounders. Conditional logistic regression models were fit to estimate infection risk reductions associated with 3-fold increases in end titers for receptor binding domain (RBD). In first-time post-vaccination and reinfection study samples, most were female (67%, 57%), non-Hispanic (82%, 68%), and without chronic conditions (65%, 65%). The odds of first-time post-vaccination infection were reduced by 21% (aOR = 0.79, 95% CI = [0.66-0.96]) for each 3-fold increase in RBD end titers. The odds of reinfection associated with a 3-fold increase in RBD end titers were reduced by 23% (aOR = 0.77, 95% CI = [0.65-0.92] for unvaccinated individuals and 58% (aOR = 0.42, 95% CI = [0.22-0.84]) for individuals with three mRNA vaccine doses following their first infection. Frontline workers with higher antibody levels following a third dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine were at reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 during Omicron predominance. Among those with previous infections, the point estimates of risk reduction associated with antibody levels was greater for those with three vaccine doses compared to those who were unvaccinated.

PLoS ONEVol. 19(12)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), Saint Luke's Health System (US), University of Arizona (US), University of Miami (US), National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (US), University of Utah (US), Arizona Science Center (US), Regional Health (US), Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research (US), Abt Global (United States) (US), Baylor Scott & White Health (US), Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions (US), Texas A&M University (US)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Openalex Percentile: Top 69%
SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
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