Seasonal Variations in the Microbial and Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil in Tiruppathur District, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT: This study investigates seasonal variations in the microbial and physico-chemical properties of soil in the Ambur, Vaniyambadi, and Pernambut taluks, regions in Tiruppathur District, India impacted by tannery effluents. Soil samples, collected during both the wet and dry seasons of 2021, were analysed for microbial contamination and key physico-chemical factors. The microbial analysis detected Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with higher microbial counts observed in the wet season, likely due to runoff from tannery waste. Physico-chemical analysis showed slightly alkaline soil (pH 6.81 to 8.91), with more pronounced alkalinity in the dry season. Electrical conductivity (EC) ranged from 2297.3 µS/cm to 4300 µS/cm, peaking in the dry season due to the concentration of salts from evaporation. Elevated levels of phosphorus, calcium carbonate, and heavy metals such as chromium, lead, zinc, and nickel were detected, particularly in the dry season. These findings indicate significant soil contamination from tannery effluents, leading to soil degradation and posing potential risks to both the environment and public health. The study highlights the urgent need for effective waste management and treatment to mitigate the adverse effects of tannery effluents on soil and surrounding ecosystems. Seasonal variations further emphasize the importance of targeted measures to reduce contamination, especially during the dry season. Future research should focus on sustainable waste disposal solutions and evaluate the long-term ecological impacts of tannery-related pollution.