High-loading single-atom catalysts for electrocatalytic applications

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have received extensive attention in various fields owing to the high density of catalytically active sites and high metal utilization. With the development of SACs, metal high-loading in SACs has become one of the research directions for researchers. In providing a higher density of active sites, high-loading SACs also offer a more unique catalytic mechanism. In this review, the chemical natures of high-loading SACs are summarized, while their various synthesis strategies. Meanwhile, the application of high-loading SACs in electrocatalytic in recent years is discussed, and their advantages in various electrocatalytic processes, such as the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and so on, are presented. Eventually, some of the current challenges and future prospects in developing highly loaded SACs are outline.