Advances in Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Biomedical Applications in Theranostics: A Review.

Carbon dots (C-dots) have emerged as an attractive class of nanomaterials (NMTs) with unique optical, structural, and biocompatible properties. Discovered in 2004, C-dots have attracted significant attention because of their tunable fluorescence, convenience of synthesis, and low poisonous, positioning them as an ideal candidate for various applications, including bio-imaging, medication delivery, and theranostics. This review presents a detailed examination of the synthesis techniques for C-dots, their optical properties, and surface functionalization techniques. Additionally, the review explores the usage of C-dots in biomedical use like diagnostic imaging, sensing, and therapeutic interventions, including photodynamic and photothermal therapies. While the potential of C-dots in theranostics is vast, challenges related to large-scale production, characterization, and regulatory approval remain. This review highlights recent advances in the field and discusses future directions for the clinical translation of C-dots in personalized medicine.