Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Induced by ASIA Syndrome After the Aesthetic Medicine Procedures—A Case Report

<b>Introduction:</b> The autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) is a rare condition caused by an immune response associated with over-reactivity of the immune system, triggered by adjuvants. The most common adjuvants are aluminium salts but can also be bioimplants or infectious agents. It may lead to the development of various autoimmunologic diseases. <b>Case Report:</b> In the following article, we present the case of a 26-year-old woman who developed SLE likely induced by ASIA syndrome after the aesthetic medicine procedures. The patient was admitted because of arthralgia and fever. She also presented with a butterfly-shaped erythema on her face and erythematous and infiltrative skin lesions on the posterior surface of the thighs and buttocks. We performed numerous diagnostic tests, including laboratory tests, immunological tests, imaging diagnostics such as chest X-ray and USG of the abdomen and joints, and the biopsy of the skin lesion on the left thigh. The results of the diagnostic process led us to diagnose SLE. The patient fulfilled the ACR/EULAR 2019 classification criteria of the SLE. Laboratory results also led to the diagnosis of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Due to exposure to numerous adjuvants like tattoo ink, hyaluronic acid, and piercing and the development of the delayed inflammatory reaction (DIR) to hyaluronic acid (HAF), the patient also fulfilled the criteria of ASIA. In the treatment process we applied antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), steroids, hydroxychloroquine, and cyclosporine. The treatment resulted in an improvement in the general condition, resolution of swelling and joint pain, and improvement in skin lesions. <b>Conclusions:</b> ASIA syndrome after bioimplantation is still underdiagnosed, probably due to ignorance or diagnostic difficulties, as symptoms are uncharacteristic and there is no immunological marker for this syndrome. In addition, as in the presented case, it can develop several years after the procedure, and it is difficult for both patient and physician to become aware of the connection. Early diagnosis requires a multidisciplinary approach and may require immunosuppressive treatment in specific cases.