Striking the balance in arctic security: the role of special operations forces in a small state’s defense against armed attacks

This study investigates the potential of Norwegian Special Operations Forces´ (SOF) contribution to strategic effect in an armed attack on Norway, with a focus on their role in the country’s ’first line of defense’ before allied reinforcements arrive. The methodology involves a qualitative analysis of an original dataset, involving expert interviews with high-ranking officials responsible for shaping Norway’s military strategy. A realistic scenario allowed the experts to explore the complexities of integrating SOF within defense strategies in Arctic environments. The study presents three main findings regarding the utilization of SOF in homeland defense: (1) SOF can support the main effort as effectors and sensors, providing critical intelligence and operational capabilities to enhance the overall effectiveness of the defense. (2) SOF can conduct shaping operations in approaches to the joint operations area, disrupting enemy supply lines and creating opportunities for conventional forces to gain strategic advantages. (3) SOF can independently target high-value assets to degrade the enemy’s ability to wage war. The findings have implications for defense planners and policy makers in Norway and other small states, highlighting the need to develop and integrate SOF into their defense strategies to enhance their ability to deter and respond to emerging threats.