Exploring External Costs on the Example of Sea–Land Transport Chains of Refrigerated Cargo Between Spain and Poland

The aim of this study is to identify sea–land transport chains of refrigerated cargo against the background of direct road transport on the Valencia–Warsaw route based on the analysis of external costs with particular consideration of the external costs of energy production in road and sea transport. Fruits and vegetables were assumed to be a group of refrigerated cargo in the study. The considerations so far have shown that many refrigerated cargo operators transported between Spain and Poland are only sometimes guided by full and up-to-date knowledge of the amount of external costs in their transport decisions. It seems reasonable to undertake information activities at the national level addressed to cargo operators and organizations associating with them, aimed at presenting the total costs of both direct and external transport.