Design of CubeSat-Based Multi-Regional Positioning Navigation and Timing System in Low Earth Orbit

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) provides critical positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services worldwide, enabling a wide range of applications from everyday use to advanced scientific and military operations. The importance of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) PNT systems lies in their ability to enhance the GNSS by implementing signals in additional frequency bands, offering increased signal strength, reduced latency, and improved accuracy and coverage, particularly in challenging environments such as urban canyons or polar regions, thereby addressing the limitations of the traditional Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) GNSS. This paper details the system engineering of a novel CubeSat-based multi-regional PNT system tailored for deployment in LEO. The proposed system leverages on a miniaturized CubeSat-compatible PNT payload that includes a chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC) and relies on MEO GNSS technologies to deliver positioning and timing information across multiple regions. The findings indicate that the proposed CubeSat-based PNT system offers a viable solution for enhancing global navigation and timing services, with potential commercial and scientific applications. This work contributes to the growing body of knowledge on LEO-based PNT systems and lays the groundwork for future research and development in this rapidly evolving field.