Evaluation and Sequencing of 16S rRNA Gene for Molecular Identification of Prevalent <i>Salmonella</i> Strains Isolated from Food and Water

This Study is to identify prevalent strains using 16S rRNA, a standard molecular marker that reveals the phylogenetic. Salmonella contains the virulence gene Invasive-A (Inv-A), which increases the pathogenicity of the relationships between bacterial species. It is identified using PCR, targeted gene sequencing, and phylogenetic grouping. A total of 110 food and water samples collected from Karachi were examined to ascertain the prevalence. 16S rRNA gene is for smaller subunits and its function hasn't altered over time, making it one of the standard genes to identify bacteria and helps it connect to the host's epithelial cells, facilitating the infection. Combining the amplification of these two genes with gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis can help determine where these species actually originated.16S rRNA and the Inv-A gene were amplified in the positive samples. MEGA-X is used to build a phylogenetic Maximum Likelihood tree while using existing and newly discovered research sequences. The examination of this tree reveals the relative proximity or divergence of other Salmonella species from these isolates as well as the geographic origin of these species.