Solar Photovoltaics Efficiencies on Net Zero Energy House at Greater Jakarta

The previous few decades have seen increasing aggravation of the contemporary environmental problem, climate change. Climate change caused by the accumulated emission of fossil fuels that we call greenhouse gases into the atmosphere has caused an increasing significance on the earth's temperature, which will cause natural disasters and environmental damage. Net zero energy buildings, primarily net zero energy houses, are very effective at reducing the consequences of climate change because of their notable reductions in energy consumption and reliance on renewable energy sources. Nonetheless, Indonesia still needs to adopt net-zero energy homes. Research on the most efficient solar PV installation methods for achieving net zero energy homes in Indonesia, particularly Jakarta, still needs to be initiated. This research aims to find the optimal tilt angle and orientation of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy production on house roofs to achieve the goal of a net-zero energy house. Experiments on solar PV installations were conducted in Jakarta residential areas to analyze and find the ideal tilt angle and orientation of solar PV panels for the Jakarta Area. A finding of effective solar PV installation and how it applies to net zero energy targets is also a novelty of this research. This study's contribution and impact on architects in designing a net zero energy house will relate to the area and form of the house roof. Furthermore, it hopes to have implications for future research on other building typologies and alternatives to renewable energy.