The interplay between nicotine metabolites and reproductive hormones in women beedi rollers occupationally exposed to tobacco dust

Background: Although beedi-rolling is a convenient, home-based occupation for many women from lower socio-economic backgrounds, the strenuous and time-consuming process exposes beedi-rollers to tobacco dust for prolonged periods. This study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term exposure to tobacco dust on beedi-rollers and to examine the impact of nicotine metabolites on hormonal levels. Methods: The study included 320 beedi-rollers (BR) and 280 control subjects (NBR). Signed consent forms were collected from all participants before conducting face-to-face interviews and blood collection. Serum was isolated from the blood samples to estimate reproductive hormones and nicotine metabolites using ELISA and LC-MS, respectively. Results: Significant differences in hormone and nicotine metabolite levels were observed between the BR and NBR groups. The BR group was further divided into two subgroups based on years of service. Anabasine and 4- Methylnitrosamino-1-3- pyridyl-1 butanone (NNK), levels were significantly higher in beedi-rollers with more than 10 years of service. Increased anabasine and Cotinine levels were significantly correlated with reduced reproductive hormone levels. Conclusions: Long-term exposure to tobacco dust leads to elevated nicotine metabolite levels, which may disrupt hormonal function and levels. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to better understand the impact of nicotine metabolites on the reproductive health of beedi-rollers.