A frequency-security constrained non-cooperative framework for TSO-DSOs coordinated distributed dispatching

With the construction of renewable-powered modern energy systems, decreasing inertia and droop characteristics raise concerns about the frequency security of the grid. Numerous converter-interfaced distributed energy resources in active distribution networks can provide fast frequency support to suppress frequency deterioration. However, the existing dispatching method between the transmission and active distribution networks rarely considers frequency security issues. The potential of these resources needs to be further explored. This paper proposes a non-cooperative framework considering frequency security for coordinated operation of the transmission and active distribution networks. In this framework, in addition to the energy and reserve bid information being exchanged, the aggregated inertia and droop parameters are sent to the distribution system operators. This guides distributed energy resources to set optimal control parameters for overall expected inertia support. Furthermore, we also establish a distributed dispatch model to develop optimal scheduling and clearing plans. The proposed method is verified through a case study of a system constructed by one IEEE 39bus grid and two IEEE 33node grids.