Evaluating the impact of pre-carbonization on activated carbon production from animal-origin precursors for supercapacitor electrode applications

This study investigates the effect of pre-carbonization temperature on the energy storage properties of activated carbons derived from animal-origin precursors, specifically for application as supercapacitor electrodes. The objective was to develop materials with enhanced electrochemical performance. Pig hair, an abundant and sustainable carbon source, was utilized to synthesize a series of carbons with hierarchical porosity. The process involved pre-carbonization at temperatures of 350, 400, 450, and 500 °C, followed by chemical activation at 800 °C using potassium hydroxide (KOH) at a biomass-to-KOH ratio of 1:3. The resulting carbons exhibited a disordered morphology with a high surface area, reaching up to 1002 m 2 /g, predominantly composed of micro- and mesopores. These structural features facilitated energy storage primarily through electric double-layer capacitance rather than faradaic processes. Detailed electrochemical testing revealed a clear dependence on pre-carbonization temperature, with electrode performance ranking in the order of 500 °C > 450 °C > 350 °C > 400 °C. This work underscores the critical role of pre-carbonization temperature in tailoring the structural and electrochemical properties of activated carbons derived from animal-based precursors. By systematically exploring this parameter, the study provides valuable insights into the design of sustainable, high-performance materials for energy storage, contributing to the broader development of eco-friendly energy solutions. • The effect of pre-carbonization on animal-origin precursors for AC was studied. • Pre-carbonization had strong influence on the properties of the resulting material. • 500 °C was determined as the optimal pre-carbonization temperature. • The activated carbon with the highest surface area exceeded 1000 m 2 /g. • Activated carbons presented hierarchical porosity with interconnected structure.