An Efficient Communication Protocol for Real-Time Body Sensor Data Acquisition and Feedback in Interactive Wearable Systems

We introduce a novel wired communication approach for interactive wearable systems, employing a single signal wire and innovative group addressing protocol to reduce overhead. While wireless solutions dominate body sensor networks, wired approaches offer advantages for interactive applications that require low latency, high reliability, and communication with high-density nodes; yet they have been less explored in the context of wearable systems. Many commercial products use wired connections without disclosing technical details, limiting broader adoption. To address this gap, we present and test a new group addressing protocol implemented using Universal Asynchronous Receiver–Transmitter (UART) hardware, disclosing frame diagrams and node architectures. We developed a prototype interactive jacket with nine sensor/actuator nodes connected via three wires for power supply and data transmission to a wireless gateway. Mathematical analysis showed an overhead reduction of approximately 50% compared to traditional individual addressing. Our solution is the most wire-efficient among wired interactive wearable systems reviewed in the literature, using only one signal wire; other methods require at least two wires and often have overlapping topologies. Performance experimental evaluation revealed a total feedback delay of 2.27 ms and a maximum data frame rate of 435.4 Hz, comparable to the best-performing products and leaving room for twice the performance calculated theoretically. These results indicate that the proposed approach is suitable for interactive wearable systems, both for real-time applications and high-resolution data acquisition.