Influence of concentration, acid type and calcination temperature on TiO₂ synthesis

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is employed in various environmental science applications due to its exceptional photocatalytic activity and semiconductor behavior. The efficacy of TiO2 in these applications is intrinsically linked to its crystal structure, morphology and particle size. Titanium dioxide exhibits three well-defined crystalline phases: Anatase (octahedral structure), Rutile (tetragonal structure) and Brookite (orthorhombic structure). This work studies the effect of different concentrations, types of acids, and calcination temperatures on the crystalline structure and morphology of TiO2 synthesized via hydrothermal route using characterization techniques such as DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering), ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy).