Optimum Operation of Microgrid Considering the Effects of Energy Storage and Load Response Program to Increase Resilience

Resilience is one of the important issues in power networks. This article analyzes resilience during severe incidents and in normal and critical situations. A mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is presented to investigate the issue. The optimization is done in two levels. In the first level, the optimal size of the energy storage system and its optimal discharge depth are determined for the optimal planning of the microgrid under normal operating conditions. In the second level, after a fault occurs and the microgrid is disconnected from the upstream network and operates in island mode, an energy storage system (ESS) and load response program reduces the system's vulnerability and minimizes the cost of load shedding. This model aims to observe the impact of ESS and demand response programs (DRP) on system performance in numerical conditions and during extreme weather events as a strategy to increase grid resilience. Under normal operating conditions, the return on investment for ESS occurs within one year, and the economic profit of the microgrid with the addition of DRP is about $160,000. Additionally, in critical conditions, the ESS supplies 40% of the loads shut down during the fault, which increases to 66% with the addition of the load response program.