Size-Dependent Effects in the Modified Green–Lindsay Thermoelasticity Model: Analysis of Ultrashort Pulse Interactions in the Presence of Electromagnetic Fields

Abstract This study provides a more detailed model for wave transmission and reflection in a complex thermodynamic framework. The governing equations are developed from multiphase electromagnetic size-dependent thermoelasticity models. The main focus here is on the development of the Modified-Green Lindsay nonlocal generalized thermoelasticity model that improves previous nonlocal approaches by incorporating additional strain and temperature rate terms. This study also examines how materials react to very short pulses and the effect of external electric and magnetic fields. The highly developed nonlinear equations in this study are solved using advanced programming techniques, including an iterative approach that combines finite element methods with a Newmark time-marching scheme. The results of this work established the nonlocal heat conduction theory of generalized thermoelasticity along with nonlocal continuum theory as a new improvement and progress in the field of thermoelasticity. This model shows that without considering thermal nonlocality interactions, predictions may miss essential aspects of wave behavior. The results show that the materials experience changes in mechanical properties, particularly an increase in hardness, when exposed to stronger magnetic fields. In addition, the results show that as the duration of laser pulses decreases, the speed of wave propagation increases. Shortening the pulse duration increases the wave propagation speed, which can create steep thermal gradients. In the case of pure metals heated by ultra-short pulse lasers, the fast electron heat conduction prevents the formation of significant thermal waves, while these pulses induce more intense and localized thermal stresses. Analysis of wave propagation also shows that the return time can exceed the forward time as the waves react to applied electric and magnetic fields.