Spinal cord stimulator electrode materials and electrode displacement issues: current status, challenges and future developments

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a key technology for the treatment of chronic pain and neurological dysfunction, and its effectiveness relies heavily on the selection and design of electrode materials. This paper reviews the electrochemical properties and biocompatibility of several commonly used electrode materials, including platinum-iridium alloys (PtIr), iridium oxides (IrOx), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), conductive polymers (PEDOT/PSS), and boron-doped diamonds (BDDs). The role of liquid crystal polymer (LCP) encapsulation technology in the long-term stability of electrodes is then discussed. Despite significant progress in the application of these materials in SCS devices, complications such as electrode migration and material degradation are still open issues. This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different electrode materials, discusses the possibility of improving electrode performance through emerging technologies such as nanotechnology and smart electrode systems, and proposes future research directions to reduce surgical complications and enhance treatment outcomes. With intelligent electrode systems and personalised treatment plans, electrical nerve stimulation technology provides greater precision, adaptability and long-term efficacy in the treatment of neurological disorders.