Euler–Heisenberg Black Hole Surrounded by Quintessence in the Background of Perfect Fluid Dark Matter: Thermodynamics, Shadows, and Quasinormal Modes

Abstract Current observations show that a significant fraction of the Universe is composed of dark energy and dark matter. In this paper, the simultaneous effects of these dark sectors on the Euler–Heisenberg black hole are investigated, using the quintessence matter field and perfect fluid to model them. In particular, the black hole's thermodynamics, shadows, and quasinormal modes are studied, and detailed discussions are provided on how these properties change with relatively large or small dark sector components.