Etiology and Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury; A Single Centre Study

Acute kidney injury is a syndrome defined by the rapid decline of renal excretory function, commonly identified through the accumulation of nitrogenous waste products. Objective: To identify the etiology and outcome of acute kidney injury. Methods: The study was carried out from September 2023 to April 2024. 135 patients diagnosed with acute kidney injury, aged 18-75 years were included. To categorize the causes of acute kidney injury into pre-renal, intra-, and post-renal categories, comprehensive histories, clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, and kidney imaging using ultrasound were performed. Outcomes were assessed as full recovery, partial recovery, or failure to recover within three months of diagnosis. Descriptive statistics and SPSS version 23.0 were used for analysis. The chi-square test examined the relationship between age, gender, etiology and outcomes; a p-value<0.05 is considered significant. Results: The patients were 41.63 ± 14.55 years old on average. Pre-renal causes were identified in 135 cases, with sepsis 77 (54.8%) being the most common etiology, followed by diuretic overuse 44 (32.6%). Intra-renal causes included acute tubular necrosis 63 (46.7%) and glomerular diseases 48 (35.6%). Post-renal causes were predominantly due to renal stones 68 (50.4%). Full recovery was achieved in 92 (68.1%) cases, partial recovery in 28 (20.7%), and 15 (11.1%) patients failed to recover. Conclusions: It was concluded that the maximum number of patients with acute kidney injury fully recovered. Sepsis is the leading pre-renal cause of acute kidney injury, while acute tubular necrosis is the most common intra-renal cause. Renal stones are the primary post-renal cause.