Experimental testing and numerical modeling of fatigue and mechanical properties of composite materials for partial foot prostheses

Prosthetics are devices designed to replace body parts lost by amputees due to illness or accidents.Typically consisting of a socket, shank, and foot, these devices are crafted to mimic the anatomy and function of human lower limbs [1,2].Partial foot amputation (PFA) prostheses aim to replicate a natural stride, protect the remaining extremities, and absorb shock during heel strike and toe-off.Their designs and functions vary depending on the level of amputation, ranging from the ankle to the lower leg [3].The surgical technique of amputation is crucial for maintaining normal foot and ankle function by preserving residual foot length, which is essential during walking [4,5].*Author for correspondence PFA, also known as ankle disarticulation are surgical techniques used to replace a portion of the foot, with the precise position of the amputation being considered [6,7].Amputations may result from trauma, such as frostbite, or congenital abnormalities [8,9].In order to treat these diseases, Chopart primarily investigated level amputations via the joint [10,11].Chopart's amputation, previously considered limited due to the risk of equinovarus deformity, has gained popularity for its ability to preserve limb length.When combined with ankle fusion and the use of modified shoes, it facilitates propulsive ambulation and improves functional outcomes [6,12].Lee's 2020 search identified risk factors for PFA, including osteomyelitis, peripheral artery disease, chronic renal disease, ulcer size, and forefoot ulcer