Assessing the Long-Term Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery on Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Health

Background: A key component of treating extreme obesity and the related metabolic syndrome is bariatric surgery. The purpose of this research was to assess the long-term effects of bariatric surgery on patients' cardiovascular and metabolic health at the Rehman Medical Institute General Hospital in Peshawar. Methods: A retrospective cohort research was carried out on 120 patients who had bariatric surgery performed between 2018 and 2020 (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, or adjustable gastric banding). Over the course of a 5-year follow-up period, data on weight reduction, glycemic control (as determined by fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels), lipid profiles, blood pressure, cardiovascular events, and death were gathered. Results: Following surgery, there were notable improvements in every metabolic parameter. The average weight loss was 27.5 kg, and after five years, the average BMI decreased by 9.5 kg/m². With mean fasting blood glucose dropping to 104.7 mg/dL and HbA1c to 6.6%, there was a significant improvement in glucose management. Positive alterations in blood pressure and lipid profiles were also seen. Both mortality and the incidence of cardiovascular events sharply decreased. Conclusion: This 5-year research shows that bariatric surgery, especially Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, is very beneficial in treating metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular health in addition to causing long-term weight reduction. The results of this study support the notion that bariatric surgery is an essential option for the treatment of extreme obesity and its concomitant conditions. To improve long-term results, further research is required to improve surgical technique and patient selection criteria.