Oral squamous cell carcinoma: The impact of poorly fitting dental prostheses on oncogenesis

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignancies in the oral region, accounting for approximately 90% of oral cancer cases. Its etiology is multifactorial, involving systemic risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and viral infections, particularly human papillomavirus (HPV). Additionally, chronic irritation from poorly fitting dental prostheses has been identified as a relevant local cofactor capable of creating an inflammatory environment that fosters malignant transformation of squamous epithelium. The literature highlights that constant friction and ulcerations caused by ill-fitting prostheses stimulate the release of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines, promoting carcinogenesis. At the molecular level, mutations in tumor suppressor genes and epigenetic alterations associated with these processes have been documented. However, the specific mechanisms linking chronic mechanical irritation to OSCC development require further research. Prognosis largely depends on early diagnosis, as five-year survival rates decrease significantly in advanced cases. Emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and multimodal optical devices, show potential for improving early detection of premalignant lesions, complementing conventional strategies. Moreover, promoting healthy habits and regular monitoring in patients with dental prostheses are fundamental to preventing oral cancer development. In conclusion, OSCC represents a clinical and public health challenge requiring a comprehensive approach. Proper adaptation of dental prostheses, along with prevention programs, early diagnosis, and multidisciplinary management, can significantly reduce the incidence and burden of this disease in the population.