Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: A Case Report of a Rare and Life-Threatening Syndrome

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare, life-threatening syndrome of excessive immune activation, leading to severe inflammation and organ damage. While more common in infants, HLH can occur at any age and is often triggered by infections such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). In this case, a 38-year-old man presented with a three-week history of fevers, night sweats, poor appetite, and severe anemia. Investigations revealed hepatosplenomegaly, extremely elevated ferritin levels, triglycerides, and a positive EBV PCR. Despite treatment, his condition deteriorated, and a bone marrow biopsy confirmed HLH. He received immunosuppressive therapy but ultimately passed away after 64 days in the hospital. This case emphasizes the diagnostic challenges of HLH, particularly when triggered by the EBV. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are vital, although prognosis can be poor in severe cases, underscoring the importance of clinical vigilance.