Analyzing the relationship between the 18th-century Beijing hutong system and urban landmark roads using spatial network analysis: A case study of Dongcheng district

The hutong system, originating during the Yuan dynasty (1271 – 1368), has undergone significant transformations while retaining its essential role in urban functionality and social interactions. Despite extensive qualitative studies on its historical and contemporary dynamics, quantitative analyses of its original configurations and integration with Beijing’s broader road network remain limited. This study examines the Qianlong Jingcheng Quantu (Emperor Qianlong’s Complete Map of Beijing), a detailed cartographic representation of Beijing drafted in the 15th year (1750) of Qianlong’s reign (1735 – 1796), which provides critical insights into historical urban planning. Using spatial network analysis, the research measures regional accessibility and demonstrates how the hutong system, through a series of orderly spatial connections, integrates with landmark roads to form a complex yet highly accessible urban spatial network. The analysis reveals that the high mobility efficiency within the intricate hutong system is rooted in its structured spatial connections with landmark roads. These connections facilitate dynamic interactions between the hutong system and the extensive urban road network, thereby enhancing the overall functionality and flexibility of Beijing’s urban development.