Ways to achieve carbon neutrality

The problems of climate change and initiatives of countries with a high carbon footprint to reduce the rate of its warming are discussed. The characteristics of the instruments for regulating greenhouse gas emissions used to reduce the carbon footprint are given. The main methods for reducing emissions and capturing carbon dioxide are given: CO2 extraction from seawater, reducing carbon dioxide emissions during seawater desalination using photovoltaic systems, a carbon-neutral process for producing hydrogen by steam reforming of methane integrated with CO2 utilization, and the transition to carbon neutrality in the construction industry. Measures for transferring the economies of countries with a high carbon footprint (China, the USA, India, the European Union, Russia, Japan and Brazil) to adaptive methods for achieving carbon neutrality are described. The review is based on statistical materials, reports of international organizations, national authorities, as well as analytical reports and conference materials on climate change, sustainable use, conservation and protection of forests, presented in scientific journals and on official websites.