Modelling ecosystem services – a tool for assessing novel ecosystems functioning in the urban-industrial landscape

The necessary ecosystem services can be effectively provided through the diverse functioning and processes of ecosystems. Apart from services provided by natural and semi-natural ecosystems, the study on ecosystem development on mineral habitats, established as by-products of mining activity, have revealed surprising results. Unrecognised yet crucial ecosystem services can be provided by novel ecosystems that develop spontaneously on mineral sites created due to human activities, such as mineral mining. These mineral habitats and the ecosystems established de novo provide a wide range of ecosystem services. Modelling ecosystem functioning can simulate and predict the effects of interventions on ecosystem services provided by novel ecosystems. This approach supports adaptive management strategies that maximise desired services while minimising negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. Understanding the functioning of novel ecosystems and their ecosystem services is crucial for enhancing resilience, promoting restoration efforts, and implementing sustainable land-use practices. Recognising the importance of ecosystem services provided by novel ecosystems and involving stakeholders in decision-making processes can foster public support for conservation initiatives and promote collaboration among diverse stakeholders. This approach is particularly important given that many activities related to the re-development of post-industrial areas, especially post-mining regions, have fallen short of achieving their objectives. The essential role of ecosystem services provided by natural, semi-natural, and novel ecosystems highlights the importance of the ecosystem functioning modelling approaches. Such approaches are needed to understand and quantify these services in the context of adhering to sustainable development principles during urban development.