Design and Implementation of Basic and Universal Logic Gates Using Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA)

Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) represents a promising nanotechnology poised to revolutionize future logic design. Compared to traditional semiconductor-based transistors, QCA offers significant advantages, including ultra-low power consumption, high operational speed, and reduced area requirements. The various gates such as inverter, OR gate, AND gate, NAND, NOR, Ex-OR and Ex-NOR gates are designed using QCA designerE tool. The designs incorporate both 45-degree and 90-degree cell orientations, optimizing the performance and layout of each gate. This study demonstrates the potential of QCA for efficient logic gate implementation, paving the way for advanced nanocomputing applications.