Multi-Distance and Multi-Angle Millimeter-Wave Radiation Characteristics of Sea Ship

Passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) imaging has emerged as a crucial supplementary method for ship detection. However, the millimeter-wave radiation characteristics of ships on the sea surface in typical sea state scenarios with diverse distances and orientations remain insufficiently delineated. In this paper, the detection capability is modeled and analyzed by computationally simulating the PMMW imaging of a ship at multi-distance and multi-angle under three typical sea state scenarios. The ray tracing method is utilized to simulate the PMMW imaging of typical observation scenarios. The simulation results reveal the influence of observation distance and incidence angle on the brightness temperature difference. Our work provides significant guidance for further comprehension of the interpretation of PMMW imaging data and the design of the observation systems in marine scenarios.