A Scalable and Flexible Twisted Yarn Biofluid-Activated Batteries For Energy Systems

This paper reports the design, fabrication and characterisation of a yarn biofluid-activated battery. The proposed bio-compatible energy storage devices were based on a zinc-carbon battery chemistry and fabricated by twisting two pieces of stainless steel yarns together with carbon cathode and zinc anode coatings. The flexible yarn battery demonstrated a working voltage range of between 0 and 1 V with an energy capacity of $12.9 \mu \mathrm{Ah} \mathrm{cm}^{-2}$ after wetting with artificial sweat and $12.4 \mu \mathrm{Ah} \mathrm{cm}^{-2}$ after wetting with artificial urine.