Integration of multi-temporal photogrammetric images in conservation work at the Royal Castle in Warsaw

This study presents a comprehensive application of photogrammetry to document the archaeological excavation and restoration of the Justice Tower at the Royal Castle in Warsaw, Poland. By capturing images at various stages of the project, Structure-from-Motion (SfM) and Multi-View Stereo (MVS) techniques were employed to generate detailed 3D models of the Tower’s interior. A significant challenge in this research was the integration of multi-temporal data, as the Tower’s appearance changed significantly over time. To address this, the TLS-SfM algorithm was utilised to align point clouds from different epochs, ensuring accurate spatial registration. The resulting 3D models provide a rich visual record of the Tower’s historical evolution, revealing intricate details of its construction and subsequent modifications. These digital artefacts serve as invaluable tools for archaeologists, historians, and conservators, enabling in-depth analysis, virtual reconstructions, and informed decision-making for future preservation efforts. By demonstrating the power of photogrammetry in capturing and analysing complex archaeological sites, this study contributes to the field of heritage documentation and digital archaeology.