Rethinking psycho-ontology in the context of Ilm an-Nafs (the study of self by Muslim scholars) and clinical applications.

While modern psychotherapies are generally effective, they often face challenges, especially in addressing the more profound aspects of human experience. Ilm an-Nafs, as a discipline rooted in the Islamic intellectual tradition, encompasses various interpretations that offer a multidimensional perspective by integrating scientific, philosophical, and theological insights. This article focuses on my specific interpretation of Ilm an-Nafs, from which we have developed the 3K model (drive/power model), the 3N model (consciousness model), the 4T model (cognitive model), and the Nafs (self) model. In order to explore their potential advantages, these models will be compared with psychoanalytic concepts and cognitive behavioral therapy. The methodology includes a comparative analysis of these models, highlighting how the Ilm an-Nafs models provide a more holistic understanding of human psychology. Findings from six previous studies, comprising four single-case studies, one case series, and one randomized controlled trial group study, showed significant symptom reduction among patients. These patients found the Ilm an-Nafs models to be more explanatory and holistic than modern psychotherapies. They reported that these models helped them distinguish between psychopathology and spirituality and offered a sense of security by integrating religious and scientific perspectives. The Ilm an-Nafs models offer a richer psycho-ontological framework that not only aligns more closely with the values and beliefs of Muslim patients but also provides inspiring insights that can expand the definition of the human being in modern psychology. This approach opens new avenues for religiously sensitive therapeutic interventions and suggests promising new directions for integrating Ilm an-Nafs with contemporary psychology. Future research may further explore this integration, potentially leading to more holistic therapies that better serve diverse populations.