The impact of lifestyle modifications on disease progression in patients with lupus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with a complex pathogenesis influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. This narrative review explores the impact of lifestyle modifications on SLE progression, focusing on diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, caffeine, and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. Evidence highlights the benefits of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), vitamin D optimization, and calorie restriction (CR) in reducing inflammation and disease activity, while excessive n-6 PUFA intake worsens outcomes. Regular physical exercise improves fatigue, cardiovascular fitness, and psychological well-being, whereas smoking and UVR exposure are consistently associated with heightened disease activity and organ damage. The effects of alcohol and caffeine are less clear, with moderate alcohol intake showing potential protective effects and caffeine yielding inconclusive results. This review underscores the importance of lifestyle modifications as integral to SLE management, complementing pharmacological therapies to improve quality of life and long-term outcomes.