Dynamics search of highly magnetized blood laden with copper-gold-titania nanoparticles in a ciliary artery with catheterization and entropy

Biomagnetic fluid dynamics (BFD) is an emerging and promising field within fluid mechanics, focusing on the dynamics of bio-fluids like blood in the presence of magnetic fields. This research is crucial in the medical arena for applications such as medication delivery, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, prevention of excessive bleeding, and treatment of malignant tumors using magnetic particles. This study delves into the intricacies of blood flow induced by cilia, carrying trihybrid nanoparticles (gold, copper, and titania), within a catheterized arterial annulus under a robust magnetic field. The model incorporates factors like Hall and ion-slip currents (electromagnetic effects on charged particles), metachronal propulsion (movement of cilia for propulsion), viscous dissipation, and entropy. The physical equations in the model are transformed from the laboratory frame to a wave frame and then simplified using conditions like low Reynolds number and long wavelength. Optimal series solutions are obtained through the homotopy perturbation method (HPM). The research explores how various physical parameters shape the bloodstream's features, presenting and analyzing these visually. A notable finding is that an intensification in Hall and ion-slip parameters results in higher blood velocity within the catheterized annulus. Blood cooling is observed with a higher loading of suspended nanoparticles. Entropy generation increases with growing values of Hall and ion-slip parameters, while the reverse trend is noted for the Bejan number. The wall shearing stress (WSS) reduces by 2.84% for 1% increase in Hall parameter. The study also provides a brief overview of how blood boluses (or clumps of blood) are structured under the influence of operating parameters. The modified hybrid nano-blood (MHNB) forms smaller and fewer boluses compared to pure blood (PB). Additionally, longer cilia length results in enhanced trapping of boluses due to stronger recovery motions of the cilia. This research holds potential benefits for practitioners and researchers in diagnosing and assessing conditions such as coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, and congenital heart abnormalities, as well as for understanding traumatic brain injury and neurological surgeries.