Quality assurance and quality control of the $$26~\text {m}^2$$ SiPM production for the DarkSide-20k dark matter experiment

Abstract DarkSide-20k is a novel liquid argon dark matter detector currently under construction at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) of the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) that will push the sensitivity for Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) detection into the neutrino fog. The core of the apparatus is a dual-phase Time Projection Chamber (TPC), filled with 50 tonnes of low radioactivity underground argon (UAr) acting as the WIMP target. NUV-HD-cryo Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM)s designed by Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) (Trento, Italy) were selected as the photon sensors covering two $$10.5~\text {m}^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10.5</mml:mn> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>m</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> Optical Planes, one at each end of the TPC, and a total of $$5~\text {m}^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>m</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> photosensitive surface for the liquid argon veto detectors. This paper describes the Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) plan and procedures accompanying the production of FBK NUV-HD-cryo SiPM wafers manufactured by LFoundry s.r.l. (Avezzano, AQ, Italy). SiPM characteristics are measured at 77 K at the wafer level with a custom-designed probe station. As of March 2025, 1314 of the 1400 production wafers (94% of the total) for DarkSide-20k were tested. The wafer yield is $$93.2\pm 2.5$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>93.2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2.5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> %, which exceeds the 80% specification defined in the original DarkSide-20k production plan.

Authors

J. H. Vossebeld (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8178-8503)
Alfiero Leoni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0066-4216)
A. Sung (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4000-3172)
M. Harańczyk (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3841-4108)
G. Plante (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4381-674X)
P. Franchini
Tao Zhu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2286-9009)
T. Viant
H. Frandini Gatti
L. Consiglio
A. Capra
Masao Kimura (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8645-2224)
Azam Zabihi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1322-9587)
O. Smirnov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5238-0442)
M. Cadeddu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3974-1995)
A. Grobov
C. Sunny (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4214-872X)
E. Aprile (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6595-7098)
P. Barrillon
G. Fiorillo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6916-6776)
M. Caravati
Martin W. Bloem (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6686-5929)
Z. Balmforth
G. Margutti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5545-6211)
O. Azzolini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3951-0537)
A. Sheshukov
Davide Colaiuda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8488-9606)
G. Zuzel
K. Nikolopoulos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3048-489X)
P. Cavalcante
L. Lidey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3484-293X)
P. Di Stefano
D. Rudik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5585-7253)
D. Cintas
F. Ragusa
S. Piacentini
A. Oleinik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1455-4341)
V. Goicoechea Casanueva
Y. P. Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1413-968X)
S. Viel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9554-4059)
E. Ellingwood
A Caminata
Y. Ramachers (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7403-775X)
M. Lissia
A. K. Alton
P. Musico
S. Torres-Lara
I. F. M. Albuquerque (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7328-0136)
O. A. Taborda
V. Pesudo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8753-6013)
Aldo Ianni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6962-3682)
V. Cocco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6061-5805)
A. Buchowicz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9934-6826)
V. N. Muratova
A. Kubankin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0636-330X)
B. Bottino
S. Horikawa
Tomasz Mróz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5304-5531)
M. G. Boulay
A. M. Szelc (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-4407)
L. Williams
D. J. Auty
S. Chashin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9159-6801)
J. Maricic
John Taylor (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9269-3144)
M. Pallavicini
G. Paternoster (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5744-0195)
S. Bussino (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-9592)
V. Bocci (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7448-2837)
M. Ave (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7386-4828)
S. Sulis
D. Gahan
P. Amaudruz
C. Roberts
S. Sanfilippo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5491-1705)
S. Koulosousas
Rosana Pérez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0279-8522)
W. Bonivento (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6764-6787)
M. Kuss
D. Santone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8653-3427)
T. Erjavec
B. Smith
A. Zichichi
Naomi Fearon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6797-9768)
R. Nania
N. Pino (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4979-4572)
M. Sabia
C. Galbiati
J. Hucker
Giovanni Grilli di Cortona (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2408-6171)
Giacomo Gallina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9878-6499)
N. Canci (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4797-4297)
F. Ragusa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4064-0489)
L. Luzzi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9754-4535)
Yi Xie (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7055-5042)
O. Samoylov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2141-8230)
S. Merzi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0512-2491)
S. Ravinthiran (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9301-3374)
C. Muscas
V. Stornelli
A. Kemp (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8443-3203)
A. Jamil (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0875-2704)
R. Keloth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2608-8939)
M. Rolo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8518-3755)
C. J. Martoff
A. Sotnikov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8371-5949)
P. Garcia Abia
A. Gendotti
G. K. Giovanetti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3125-0550)
G. Nieradka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5466-7922)
E. Conde Vilda
K. Thieme (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3954-7612)
A. Gola (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5278-5044)
R. Santorelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0012-2644)
Pablo Kunzé
Roberta Calabrese (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4363-3372)
A. V. Derbin
I. Ahmad (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3204-4924)
D. Franco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5604-2531)
Giovanni Darbo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2165-0638)
A. Pocar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8598-6512)
M. Fernández Díaz
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F. Dordei (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2571-5067)
M. Wada
A. L. Hallin
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G. Grauso
S. Minutoli
K. Olchanski
Edivaldo Moura Santos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2818-8813)
Paolo Castello (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8767-6243)
B. Cleveland
M. Atzori Corona (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5092-3602)
P. Agnes
R. Milincic
E. Leason (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5759-2874)
Mariano Cadoni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5595-7537)
M. Rescigno
K. Mavrokoridis
O. Macfadyen
R. Stefanizzi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8371-5949)
P. Pralavorio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2452-6715)
A. Barrado Olmedo
D. Papi
Plaban Kumar Bhowmick (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6573-0093)
Ashley Taylor (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5618-756X)
A. Steri
M. Simeone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8437-5464)
J. Nowak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8637-5433)
Emílio Mazza (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7874-3272)
S. D’Auria (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3393-6318)
B. S. Costa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6745-3281)
Fabio Acerbi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8213-5405)
E. Scapparone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5960-6734)
Grzegorz Pastuszak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7368-0495)
G. Dellacasa
T. Smirnova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9918-5321)
Y. Coadou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8195-7004)
P. Salomone
S. Cebrián (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6948-5101)
S. Resconi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2313-4020)
A. K. Thompson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7212-5724)
N. Cargioli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6515-5850)
Miguel Cárdenas‐Montes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4445-8868)
G. Dolganov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6394-9219)
P. Zakhary (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9752-1790)
Andrea Ficorella (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9097-6952)
M. Walczak
E. Moretti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5477-9097)
G. Ippoliti
M. Kuźniak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9632-9115)
L. Pandola (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2867-0121)
S. Westerdale
K. Pelczar
A. Roberts (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8538-9155)
F. Spadoni
G. Gallus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7446-3556)
O. Lychagina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9182-8414)
C. Dionisi
M. Czubak
M. Garbini
P. A. Pegoraro
Giacomo Matteucci
F. Gabriele (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9888-9175)
A. Ramirez
V. Camillo
L. Cifarelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6806-3206)
E. Frolov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9519-8037)
A. Messina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1195-6780)
H. Wang
M. Murphy
M. P. Zykova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0985-3398)
J. H. Yin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1479-9349)
E.V. Hungerford (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1078-4526)
V. Ippolito (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5126-1620)
I. C. Avetisov
L. P. Rignanese (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3167-0309)
P. Organtini
T. Hugues (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4895-8897)
Chengcheng Guo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0857-0350)
M. Kuźwa
L. Grandi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0771-7568)
C. Mariani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3284-4681)
A. Hamer
S. De Cecco
L. K. Dias
M. Angiolilli
L. Kotsiopoulou
M. Poehlmann
M. Queiroga Bazetto
E. Nikoloudaki (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1948-9681)
Yi Wang
L. Romero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9055-0385)
A. Tricomi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5071-5501)
Aritra Mitra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0472-284X)
N. Kemmerich (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9322-4122)
M. Rossi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7636-6802)
M. Martínez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9043-4691)
I. N. Machulin
S. Blua
A. Rivetti
R. Tartaglia
S. Stracka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4214-872X)
E. Unzhakov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2952-6412)
A. L. Renshaw
A. Rubbia
A. Marasciulli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8789-8575)
S. Manecki
M. Gromov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2869-2363)
M. Razeti
A. Vishneva (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2624-9416)
G. Batignani
M. Spangenberg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3903-5489)
M. Nessi
G. Testera
F. Retière
F. Di Capua
S. M. Mari
G. Korga
M. Murra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2608-4472)
A. Chepurnov
V. Cataudella (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1835-1429)
S. Albergo
E. Le Guirriec
S. Davini
G. Scioli
C. Yang
I. Manthos
M. Wojcik
A. Zani
L. Di Noto
R. B. Vogelaar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6414-6944)
T. Hessel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3567-4078)
P. Skensved
T. Alexander
J. Hu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1092-5501)
J. Cela Ruiz
C. Savarese
D. A. Semenov
L. Pandola (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2867-0121)
T. Wright
M Gulino
J. Busto
O. Smirnov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5238-0442)
M. Wójcik
B. R. Hackett
C. Jillings
M. Lai
Y. Suvorov
K. Kondo
J. Monroe
V. Dronik
A. Gawdzik
A. Elersich
M. La Commara
A. B. McDonald
H. O. Back (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3917-3104)
S. Pordes
M. Van Uffelen
M. Morrocchi
V. Oleynikov
F. G. Schuckman
P. Adhikari (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3123-4897)
E. Paoloni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5969-8712)
Fabrice Hubaut (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0113-2465)
Carlos E. Kester
A. Ortiz de Solrzano
R. Wojaczyski
G. Galiski
E Preosti
R. de As mundis

Institutions

Warsaw University of Technology (PL)
Roma Tre University (IT)
Belgorod National Research University (RU)
Jagiellonian University (PL)
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (GB)
D. Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology of Russia (RU)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (US)
Fort Lewis College (US)
Augustana University (US)
University of Alberta (CA)
Universität Hamburg (DE)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (IT)
University of Cagliari (IT)
Politecnico di Torino (IT)
Royal Holloway University of London (GB)
Lodz University of Technology (PL)
University of Milan (IT)
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
Lomonosov Moscow State University (RU)
Princeton University (US)
University of Washington (US)
Queen's University (CA)
Aix-Marseille Université (FR)
Fondazione Bruno Kessler (IT)
Università degli Studi di Enna Kore (IT)
University of Hawaii–West Oahu (US)
Universidad de Zaragoza (ES)
University of L'Aquila (IT)
Savannah River National Laboratory (US)
Kurchatov Institute (RU)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (IT)
Temple College (US)
Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie (FR)
University of California System (US)
University of Manchester (GB)
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (RU)
ETH Zurich (CH)
University of Catania (IT)
University of Oxford (GB)
University of Chicago (US)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino (IT)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli (IT)
Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi (IT)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania (IT)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (IT)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro (IT)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Genova (IT)
Fondazione Stella Maris (IT)
Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (RU)
Università degli Studi Internazionali di Roma (IT)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano (IT)
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center (PL)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna (IT)
Moscow State University (TJ)
Gran Sasso Science Institute (IT)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I (IT)
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa (IT)
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (ES)
Riverside (GB)
Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (RU)
Laurentian University (CA)
Carleton University (CA)
Lancaster University (GB)
University of Naples Federico II (IT)
Columbia University (US)
University of Birmingham (GB)
University of Genoa (IT)
Temple University (US)
Virginia Tech (US)
Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (RU)
University of Bologna (IT)
University of Edinburgh (GB)
Polish Academy of Sciences (PL)

Publication Details

Journal: The European Physical Journal C
Published: 2025-05-14
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14196-9
Citations: 4
Primary Topic: Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
Type: article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact: 7.48

Funders

National Science Foundation
U.S. Department of Energy
Battelle
Royal Society
European Commission
Agence Nationale de la Recherche
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Office of Science
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Science and Technology Facilities Council
European Regional Development Fund
Labex UnivEarthS
Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
Fermilab
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Quality assurance and quality control of the $$26~\text {m}^2$$ SiPM production for the DarkSide-20k dark matter experiment

Authors

Institutions

Publication Details

Funders

Quality assurance and quality control of the $$26~\text {m}^2$$ SiPM production for the DarkSide-20k dark matter experiment

Quality assurance and quality control of the $$26~\text {m}^2$$ SiPM production for the DarkSide-20k dark matter experiment

Abstract

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