Solar PV systems under weather extremes: Case studies, classification, vulnerability assessment, and adaptation pathways

This study examines the significant challenges presented by the rising frequency and severity of climate change-induced extreme weather events—such as hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, and snowstorms—on the reliability and efficacy of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Utilizing case studies from various global places, it underscores the susceptibilities of photovoltaic systems to environmental harm, encompassing structural failure, efficiency decline, and operational interruptions. The study presents a novel, resilience-oriented paradigm that incorporates sophisticated design principles, operational techniques, and policy innovations to alleviate these risks. Principal findings underscore the significance of site-specific risk evaluations, modular and adaptable system architectures, and cohesive resilience planning in photovoltaic system engineering. Proactive operational techniques, such as regular maintenance, emergency reaction plans, and intelligent system monitoring, are deemed essential for sustaining performance in extreme weather conditions. Innovative technological solutions, including resilient materials, sophisticated coatings, durable mounting methods, and thermal management technologies, are emphasized for their capacity to endure intense environmental stressors. The study delineates future research goals, encompassing the creation of innovative materials with superior durability, scalable energy storage integration, structural advances, and greater grid interconnectivity via smart grid technology. It emphasizes the significance of cybersecurity protocols to safeguard photovoltaic infrastructure and promotes legislative and regulatory enhancements to facilitate resilience implementation. Collaboration among researchers, industry executives, and policymakers is considered crucial for addressing the increasing difficulties presented by climate change. This paper establishes a framework for integrating resilience into all facets of solar PV system design and operation, thereby ensuring the long-term sustainability, efficiency, and efficacy of solar energy systems in a swiftly changing climate environment. This comprehensive strategy is essential for ensuring the future of renewable energy amid global environmental difficulties.