No evidence of quantitative honest signaling in aposematic traits of the green and black dendrobatid frog <i>Dendrobates auratus</i> in Costa Rica

Aposematism is an antipredator strategy in which conspicuous coloration acts as a warning of chemical defenses to potential predators. Evidence suggests that aposematism largely functions under positive frequency-dependent selection, which is thought to maintain uniformity of aposematic signals. Many studies of aposematic organisms have found evidence that color signals and defenses are positively correlated, indicating a quantitatively honest aposematic signal. Dendrobatid poison frogs represent a well-studied group of aposematic organisms that in addition to exhibiting a diversity of color signals also display unique defensive behaviors. Few studies have examined if both behavior and coloration act as quantitative honest signals of alkaloid defenses in poison frogs. We aimed to determine if coloration and behavior are quantitatively honest signals in the green and black poison frog (<i>Dendrobates auratus</i>) among 6 populations from Costa Rica. We (1) evaluated antipredator displays by using behavioral assays in the field, (2) assessed frog conspicuousness and pattern using digital images, and (3) quantified alkaloid profiles from frog skin secretions. We found that Pacific populations are less conspicuous in coloration, had greater quantities of alkaloids, and more frequently performed body-raising defensive behaviors when compared with Caribbean populations. Our results do not support the hypothesis that aposematic traits in <i>D. auratus</i> are quantitatively honest. Rather, our results suggest that phenotypic differences among populations may represent different phenotypic optima for advertising unprofitability to predators based on local environmental conditions, leading to the diversification of aposematic signals in this species.