An Overview of Nipah Virus Infection

Nipah virus (NiV), a bat-borne infection, was first identified in Malaysia 20 years ago and has since caused outbreaks in South and Southeast Asia. NiV leads to severe respiratory and neurological conditions, is often fatal, and is highly contagious, spreading through close contact with infected individuals or animals. The virus exhibits varied clinical and epidemiological traits, necessitating rapid infection control measures to prevent epidemics. Despite advances in molecular and serological diagnostic techniques, effective treatment and prevention interventions remain unavailable. The high fatality rate and potential for widespread transmission underscore the urgent need for effective therapies. The “One Health” approach is vital for preventing NiV infection, as bats are the primary transmission route to humans, though other intermediary hosts exist. Initially, NiV infections presented as fever and rapid brain function deterioration after contact with pigs. Recent outbreaks have shown pronounced respiratory symptoms and human-to-human transmission. The pandemic potential of NiV is significant due to the ubiquity of its reservoir host, increased deforestation, multiple transmission modes, high case fatality rate, and lack of effective treatments or vaccines. This review explores the microbiology, epidemiology, and current treatment and vaccination research for NiV.