Private Art Schools of Anton Ažbe and Simon Hollósy as Alternative Systems for the Development of Realistic Painting

The article analyzes the private art schools of Anton Ažbe and Simon Hollósy in Munich, which served as alternative systems for the development of realistic painting in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The focus is on pedagogical methods and conceptual differences in teaching, which laid the foundations for the further development of European art in the key of modernist explorations. The author considers key aspects of Anton Ažbe’s methods, focused on form, tonality, and work with color, as well as Simon Hollósy’s approach, which emphasized the depiction of objects with regard to spatiality and atmospheric effects. The article highlights the socio-cultural context of Munich and the foundations of the emergence of such private studios, as well as the distinctive features of the coexistence of these schools with the Academy of Fine Arts. Particular attention is paid to the role of the private schools of Anton Ažbe and Simon Hollósy in shaping the individual style of their students, many of whom later became prominent artists. The author analyzes their influence on the development of modernist and realist trends in painting, demonstrating how the private schools of Anton Ažbe and Simon Hollósy complemented and expanded the possibilities of academic education. The study emphasizes the importance of these schools for the development of Ukrainian art and its integration into the European context, as, among others, Ukrainian artists of the early twentieth century were educated in these studios.