Challenges for a Sustainable Plastic World after INC-5

The fifth International Negotiating Committee (INC-5) for the Global Plastics Treaty was held in Busan, South Korea, from November 25 to December 1, 2024.The treaty is the largest in scale among global efforts on environmental protection since the Paris Agreement in 2015, reflecting the rising global concerns about plastic pollution and demands for eco-friendly alternatives.In response, we aimed to identify the current state of plastic usage and its environmental impacts, discuss the strengths and limitations of eco-plastics, and suggest a direction for sustainable plastic management.In 2019, global plastic waste was estimated to reach 353 million tons, of which only 9% was recycled.Non-recycled plastics can cause a wide range of environmental pollution.Biodegradable eco-plastics could provide an alternative to conventional plastics, but there are practical limitations to achieving a better environment due to technical and regulatory constraints.Hence, international treaties such as INC should continue to seek global consensus for sustainable plastic management, while governments, industries, and individuals need to offer their best efforts within their respective capacities.For example, a goal of simplifying the plastic materials used in manufacturing products and ensuring the proper use of the term 'eco-friendly' may be achieved through collaboration between government and industry and along with additional efforts by individuals.First, government should establish specific and practical policies and regulations; second, industry should produce environmentally responsible products; and third, individuals should try to reduce their use of disposable items and adopt environmentally friendly consumption patterns.When these efforts come together, it becomes possible to reduce plastic consumption and improve recycling efficiency, ultimately leading to a 'sustainable plastic world.