3D Printing in Surgery: Transforming Patient-Specific Solutions

The integration of 3D printing technology into surgery represents a transformative shift in modern medicine. Initially used for industrial prototyping, 3D printing has evolved into a critical tool for creating patient-specific implants, models, and surgical instruments, enhancing precision, personalization, and surgical outcomes. This review examines the evolution of 3D printing in surgery, focusing on its applications in surgical planning, custom implants, and bioprinting. Key techniques such as stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), and fused deposition modeling (FDM) are discussed, alongside emerging bioprinting developments. The review highlights the significant benefits of 3D-printed, patient-specific solutions in orthopedic, craniofacial, and prosthetic surgeries, where traditional mass-produced tools often fail to match individual anatomy, leading to complications. Despite its advantages, 3D printing faces challenges such as high costs, regulatory complexities, and material biocompatibility concerns. Continued advancements in materials science, cost reduction, and regulatory frameworks are necessary for broader clinical adoption.