Virtual reality in surgical training: Trends and prospects

Virtual Reality (VR) is revolutionizing medical education and surgical training by offering immersive, risk-free environments for trainees. With advancements in technology, VR has moved from simple visualization tools to interactive platforms that provide real-time feedback, improving the precision and dexterity required for complex surgical procedures. This review aims to explore the current trends in VR-based surgical training, highlighting key technologies, their applications, and future prospects. While traditional surgical training relies heavily on cadaveric dissections and apprenticeship models, VR provides a standardized, cost-effective, and replicable learning experience. The review also delves into the technical challenges and ethical considerations in integrating VR into medical curricula. Moreover, we evaluate empirical evidence that supports VR’s efficacy in enhancing surgical skills and patient outcomes. The prospects of augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) in hybrid approaches are also discussed, which could complement existing training paradigms. In conclusion, VR shows promise not only in the training of novice surgeons but also as a continuous learning tool for experienced professionals, fostering the evolution of surgical education.