Development and evaluation of a project-based flipped learning model supported by virtual mobile observatory to enhance problem-solving skills and ICT literacy among middle school students

This study aims to develop and evaluate a Project-Based Flipped Learning (PBFL) model supported by Virtual Mobile Observatory (VMO) technology to enhance problem-solving skills and ICT literacy among middle school students. The PBFL-VMO model integrates Project-Based Learning (PjBL) and Flipped Learning methodologies to provide an immersive and interactive learning experience. The study follows the ADDIE model for development and involves 180 students from three middle schools in Gowa District. Validation by experts yields an average score of 86.3%, indicating high suitability. Classroom implementation shows a 97.6% practicality rate, and effectiveness analysis demonstrates significant improvements in problem-solving skills (N-Gain of 0.61) and ICT literacy (N-Gain of 0.44) in the experimental group compared to the control group. The integration of VMO technology within the PBFL framework addresses the limitations of traditional PjBL and Flipped Learning models by offering a flexible and engaging learning environment. The PBFL-VMO model thus represents a significant advancement in science education, fostering critical thinking, collaboration, and digital competencies. Future research should explore the long-term impacts and addresses challenges related to technological access and teacher facilitation to optimize the model's implementation.