Anatomical and physiological properties of the dromedary: A potential sustainability alternative and a vital asset in the era of climate change

The one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius), commonly referred to as the Arabian camel, is primarily found in North Africa, tropical Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent. The dromedary camel is of immense economic, social, and ecological value to nomadic and rural communities, offering high-quality animal protein through milk and meat and serving as a vital means of transportation. In some places, camels are also expected to enhance local tourism, providing much-needed financial support to the local economy. Owing to their unique qualities, camels are essential for maintaining desert ecosystems, setting them apart from other domestic livestock. The adaptations of dromedaries are tailored for survival in harsh environments with limited water and food, extreme heat, and rugged terrain. These adaptations include specialized skin, eyes, nostrils, lips, large bodies, long legs, and wide foot pads. Additionally, the biological, physiological, and biochemical traits of camels and their behavioral adaptations contribute to their resilience in desert conditions. These adaptations include water conservation, unique blood properties, thermoregulation, and efficient digestion and metabolism. Furthermore, the feeding, drinking, thermal, and reproductive behaviors of camels significantly support survival in deserts. The anatomical and physiological characteristics of the dromedary make it the ideal animal to meet the needs of users globally, especially amid climate change, where global warming, water scarcity, and scarce pastures are common. Therefore, camels are crucial for stabilizing the food supply in arid desert regions, nourishing their keepers, and serving as vital contributors to food security and sovereignty within desert ecosystems.