Menopause and Musculoskeletal Pain

Hormonal fluctuations significantly influence the human musculoskeletal system.In particular, rapid changes in hormone levels, including estrogen, can induce a variety of physiological alterations.The increased prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in periand postmenopausal women is well-documented, and is thought to arise through multiple mechanisms, encompassing both structural changes in the musculoskeletal system and modifications in the pain modulation pathways.For clinicians, accurate identification and differentiation of the underlying causes of pain are critical for effective management.This review aims to examine the diverse symptoms and etiologies associated with musculoskeletal pain in peri-and postmenopausal women, while providing an overview of key considerations for clinical practice, grounded in recent guidelines.(Clinical Pain 2024;