<i>In-vitro</i> Evaluation of Free Radical Scavenging Activities and Inflammatory Markers from LPS-Induced MH-S Cells by <i>Xanthium strumarium</i> L.

Plants are a cornerstone of traditional medicine because they produce diverse chemical compounds with therapeutic potential.The genus Xanthium, particularly Xanthium strumarium, is renowned for its broad range of pharmacological effects but its anti-inflammatory properties in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced MH-S cells remain underexplored.This research investigates anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of X. strumarium ethanol extract on LPS-stimulated MH-S cells.X. strumarium was extracted with ethanol and analyzed for its chemical composition using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).The antioxidant activity was evaluated through DPPH and ABTS assays while anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in LPS stimulated MH-S cells by assessing nitric oxide (NO) production.Additionally, the expression of inflammatory cytokines and mediators (TNF-, IL-1, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2) was assessed via RT-PCR and qRT PCR.GC-MS analysis identified several major compounds in the extract, including fatty acids and phenolic compounds.Significant free radical scavenging activity was revealed in the antioxidant assays, particularly in the ABTS assay.In MH-S cells, X. strumarium extract dose-dependently reduced NO production and inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines and mediators without causing cytotoxicity.X. strumarium exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as evidenced by its ability to reduce NO production and downregulate inflammatory cytokines and mediators in LPS-stimulated MH-S cells.These findings support the potential of X. strumarium as a natural anti-inflammatory agent and underscore its therapeutic potential in managing oxidative stress and inflammation.Future research should further elucidate the mechanistic pathways underlying these effects.