Strategic Global Deployment of Photovoltaic Technology: Balancing Economic Capacity and Decarbonization Potential

Abstract This study investigates the disparities in the deployment of photovoltaic (PV) technology for carbon emissions reduction across different nations, highlighting the mismatch between countries with high economic capacity and those where PV installation would maximize global decarbonization benefits. This mismatch is discussed based on three key factors influencing decarbonization via PV technology: per capita gross domestic product; carbon intensity of the energy system; and solar resource availability. Current PV deployment is predominantly concentrated in economically advanced countries, and does not coincide with regions where the environmental and economic impact of such installations would be most significant. Through a series of thought experiments, it is demonstrated how alternative prioritization strategies could significantly reduce global carbon emissions. Argument is put forward for a globally coordinated approach to PV deployment, particularly targeting high-impact sunbelt regions, to enhance the efficacy of decarbonization efforts and promote equitable energy access. The study underscores the need for international policies that support sustainable energy transitions in economically less developed regions through workforce development and assistance with the activation of capital.