Protective role of Angiogenin in muscle regeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Diagnostic and therapeutic implications

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neuromuscular disease with no effective treatments, in part caused by variations in progression and the absence of biomarkers. Mice carrying the SOD1G93A transgene with different genetic backgrounds show variable disease rates, reflecting the diversity of patients. While extensive research has been done on the involvement of the central nervous system, the role of skeletal muscle remains underexplored. We examined the impact of angiogenin, including its RNase activity, in skeletal muscles of ALS mouse models and in biopsies from ALS patients. Elevated levels of angiogenin were found in slowly progressing mice but not in rapidly progressing mice, correlating with increased muscle regeneration and vascularisation. In patients, higher levels of angiogenin in skeletal muscles correlated with milder disease. Mechanistically, angiogenin promotes muscle regeneration and vascularisation through satellite cell-endothelial interactions during myogenesis and angiogenesis. Furthermore, specific angiogenin-derived tiRNAs were upregulated in slowly progressing mice, suggesting their role in mediating the effects of angiogenin. These findings highlight angiogenin and its tiRNAs as potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for ALS, offering avenues for patient stratification and interventions to mitigate disease progression by promoting muscle regeneration.