Media Representations of Islam and Muslims in Global Contexts (2002-2022): A Systematic Literature Review

The systematic review is a narrative on Islamic representation and Islamophobia in global media from 2002 to 2022, synthesizing studies with high impact as indexed in Web of Science, Scopus, and ProQuest. The main trends confirm the consistent image of Muslims as cultural outsiders, posing a threat to security; on recurring themes of fear-based discourses and binary oppositions of "Us" (Western societies) and "Them" (Muslim communities). This review evaluates how these representations endorse and reinforce Islamophobic sentiments, shape the public perception and policies that affect the Muslim community, and underscore the role of media in reinforcing social gaps. This evaluative insight calls on more balanced journalism and ethical media practices, journalistic responsibility, and methodological rigour, oriented toward inclusive media.