Development of new modified delay and queue length methods for urban signalized intersections: A case of Antalya city

In many undeveloped and developing countries, unplanned and dysfunctional signalized intersections are prevalent due to a lack of expertise. These intersections suffer from operational and safety issues as they often fail to meet standardized criteria. Consequently, drivers tend to behave aggressively, leading to chaos and the creation of illegal lanes at intersection legs. This study examines seven problematic intersections, using American (HCM) and Australian (Akcelik) methods to assess existing delays and queue lengths. However, the error rates (MAPE) for these methods are notably high, indicating their inadequacy in assessing intersections with geometric irregularities. To address this, the study proposes modified evaluation methods using Artificial Bee Colony and Biogeography-Based Optimization, with the Modified HCM (US) method providing the most accurate results with significantly lower error rates for both delay (9.4 %) and queue length (15.1 %). This suggests that queued approaches are essential for accurately assessing intersections in countries facing geometric challenges.